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Writing a Research Paper Conclusion | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on October 30, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 13, 2023.

• Restate the problem statement addressed in the paper
• Summarize your overall arguments or findings
• Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

The content of the conclusion varies depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument through engagement with sources .

Table of contents

Step 1: restate the problem, step 2: sum up the paper, step 3: discuss the implications, research paper conclusion examples, frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions.

The first task of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your research problem . You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture.

While you are restating a problem you’ve already introduced, you should avoid phrasing it identically to how it appeared in the introduction . Ideally, you’ll find a novel way to circle back to the problem from the more detailed ideas discussed in the body.

For example, an argumentative paper advocating new measures to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture might restate its problem as follows:

Meanwhile, an empirical paper studying the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues might present its problem like this:

“In conclusion …”

Avoid starting your conclusion with phrases like “In conclusion” or “To conclude,” as this can come across as too obvious and make your writing seem unsophisticated. The content and placement of your conclusion should make its function clear without the need for additional signposting.

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Having zoomed back in on the problem, it’s time to summarize how the body of the paper went about addressing it, and what conclusions this approach led to.

Depending on the nature of your research paper, this might mean restating your thesis and arguments, or summarizing your overall findings.

Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments

In an argumentative paper, you will have presented a thesis statement in your introduction, expressing the overall claim your paper argues for. In the conclusion, you should restate the thesis and show how it has been developed through the body of the paper.

Briefly summarize the key arguments made in the body, showing how each of them contributes to proving your thesis. You may also mention any counterarguments you addressed, emphasizing why your thesis holds up against them, particularly if your argument is a controversial one.

Don’t go into the details of your evidence or present new ideas; focus on outlining in broad strokes the argument you have made.

Empirical paper: Summarize your findings

In an empirical paper, this is the time to summarize your key findings. Don’t go into great detail here (you will have presented your in-depth results and discussion already), but do clearly express the answers to the research questions you investigated.

Describe your main findings, even if they weren’t necessarily the ones you expected or hoped for, and explain the overall conclusion they led you to.

Having summed up your key arguments or findings, the conclusion ends by considering the broader implications of your research. This means expressing the key takeaways, practical or theoretical, from your paper—often in the form of a call for action or suggestions for future research.

Argumentative paper: Strong closing statement

An argumentative paper generally ends with a strong closing statement. In the case of a practical argument, make a call for action: What actions do you think should be taken by the people or organizations concerned in response to your argument?

If your topic is more theoretical and unsuitable for a call for action, your closing statement should express the significance of your argument—for example, in proposing a new understanding of a topic or laying the groundwork for future research.

Empirical paper: Future research directions

In a more empirical paper, you can close by either making recommendations for practice (for example, in clinical or policy papers), or suggesting directions for future research.

Whatever the scope of your own research, there will always be room for further investigation of related topics, and you’ll often discover new questions and problems during the research process .

Finish your paper on a forward-looking note by suggesting how you or other researchers might build on this topic in the future and address any limitations of the current paper.

Full examples of research paper conclusions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

While the role of cattle in climate change is by now common knowledge, countries like the Netherlands continually fail to confront this issue with the urgency it deserves. The evidence is clear: To create a truly futureproof agricultural sector, Dutch farmers must be incentivized to transition from livestock farming to sustainable vegetable farming. As well as dramatically lowering emissions, plant-based agriculture, if approached in the right way, can produce more food with less land, providing opportunities for nature regeneration areas that will themselves contribute to climate targets. Although this approach would have economic ramifications, from a long-term perspective, it would represent a significant step towards a more sustainable and resilient national economy. Transitioning to sustainable vegetable farming will make the Netherlands greener and healthier, setting an example for other European governments. Farmers, policymakers, and consumers must focus on the future, not just on their own short-term interests, and work to implement this transition now.

As social media becomes increasingly central to young people’s everyday lives, it is important to understand how different platforms affect their developing self-conception. By testing the effect of daily Instagram use among teenage girls, this study established that highly visual social media does indeed have a significant effect on body image concerns, with a strong correlation between the amount of time spent on the platform and participants’ self-reported dissatisfaction with their appearance. However, the strength of this effect was moderated by pre-test self-esteem ratings: Participants with higher self-esteem were less likely to experience an increase in body image concerns after using Instagram. This suggests that, while Instagram does impact body image, it is also important to consider the wider social and psychological context in which this usage occurs: Teenagers who are already predisposed to self-esteem issues may be at greater risk of experiencing negative effects. Future research into Instagram and other highly visual social media should focus on establishing a clearer picture of how self-esteem and related constructs influence young people’s experiences of these platforms. Furthermore, while this experiment measured Instagram usage in terms of time spent on the platform, observational studies are required to gain more insight into different patterns of usage—to investigate, for instance, whether active posting is associated with different effects than passive consumption of social media content.

If you’re unsure about the conclusion, it can be helpful to ask a friend or fellow student to read your conclusion and summarize the main takeaways.

• Do they understand from your conclusion what your research was about?
• Are they able to summarize the implications of your findings?
• Can they answer your research question based on your conclusion?

You can also get an expert to proofread and feedback your paper with a paper editing service .

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The conclusion of a research paper has several key elements you should make sure to include:

• A restatement of the research problem
• A summary of your key arguments and/or findings
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

No, it’s not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion . While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

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Solving “Conclusion” Questions

Here are some ways a Conclusion question might ask you to find the main conclusion of an argument:

• Which one of the following most accurately states the conclusion drawn in the argument?
• Which one of the following sentences best expresses the overall conclusion of the surrealist’s reasoning?
• The main point of the argument above is that…

 Identifying the conclusion should be one of the first things you do after you carefully read an argument. You should know what the argument’s conclusion is before you read the question. ‍

Find the Main Conclusion

The main conclusion is the reason why the author sat down and wrote the argument. It’s what the author tries to sell you on.

The main conclusion is not a summary of the overall argument. It’s one specific claim that the author tries to prove using the premises. It’s almost always stated explicitly in the passage, whether it’s at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. Sometimes it’s an entire sentence. Sometimes it’s just part of a sentence. 

Everything else in the argument is a premise (a fact that supports the conclusion), an intermediate conclusion (a claim that is supported by a premise and, in turn, supports the main conclusion), or background information (a fact that doesn’t play a logical role in the argument). ‍

Restate Conclusions that Refer Back to Other Things

If a conclusion uses a word like this , that , such , or any other pronoun, it’s probably referring back to an idea that was stated earlier in the passage. Incorporate that idea into your own rewording of the main conclusion. Consider the example below. What idea does the pronoun they refer back to?

Joe: Many scientists argue that the world is getting warmer. But they are wrong. This year’s average temperatures are colder than last year’s were.

“They” in the conclusion refers to “scientists.” To restate the conclusion in your own words, ask yourself: What does Joe try to prove? He tries to tell us that stupid scientists are wrong and that the world isn’t getting warmer. 

You need to fully understand what the main conclusion is before you start looking at the answer choices. ‍

Look for Opposing Viewpoints

If the passage begins by telling you what other people believe or claim, the main conclusion will often come right after and reject that claim.

In the global-warming argument above, the first sentence is an opposing viewpoint, the second is the main conclusion, and the third is a premise. The main conclusion doesn’t have to come right after an opposing viewpoint, but it usually does.

Use Argument Indicators Cautiously

The words therefore , thus , and so come right after a premise and right before a conclusion. But they do not necessarily introduce the main conclusion. These words can also introduce an intermediate conclusion .

Similarly, the words because , since , and for usually come right before a premise, but they could also introduce an intermediate conclusion.

Students who rely solely on indicator words often misidentify the main conclusion—especially when the test-writers put the main conclusion at the beginning of the passage and then use a conclusion indicator for an intermediate conclusion near the end of the argument. Consider the following example:

Annalisa: John should stop going to chess club. John hates board games, and chess is a board game. Thus , he hates chess.

Can you figure out the main conclusion in Annalisa’s argument?

In terms of argument structure, here’s what Annalisa says:

Annalisa: (Main conclusion). (Premise), and (premise). Thus , (intermediate conclusion).

Many test-takers mistakenly identify the last sentence as the main conclusion. They get distracted by the “thus” in the last sentence, and they miss how the last sentence supports the first. To be clear, the last sentence is a conclusion, but it’s not the main conclusion. The correct answer to a Conclusion question would restate the first sentence, not the last.

In short, argument indicators can be helpful, but don’t assume that they always precede the main conclusion.

Use the Therefore Test

If you’re debating between two conclusions stated in an argument, use the therefore test to figure out which is the main conclusion and which is the supporting intermediate conclusion. Here’s how:

• State the first conclusion, then the word “therefore,” and then the second conclusion . If this arrangement makes sense, then the first conclusion supports the second conclusion. The second conclusion is probably the main conclusion.
• Test the reverse order . If it makes more sense to state the second conclusion, then the word “therefore,” and then the first conclusion, then the first conclusion is probably the main conclusion.

Consider the following argument:

All big fish have sharp teeth, and Mike likes any creature that has sharp teeth. Sharks are big fish. It follows that sharks have sharp teeth and that Mike likes them. 

In the example above, which arrangement makes more sense?

• Mike likes sharks. Therefore , Sharks have sharp teeth.
• Sharks have sharp teeth. Therefore , Mike likes sharks.

The second one makes more sense. Mike’s feelings about sharks have no impact on sharks’ teeth. But whether sharks have sharp teeth does impact whether Mike likes them. The main conclusion is “Mike likes sharks.”

Quiz Yourself!

• Where does the conclusion appear in the passage?
• If there’s a word like “therefore,” does it always introduce the main conclusion?
• No, it could introduce an intermediate conclusion.

Conclusions

What this handout is about.

This handout will explain the functions of conclusions, offer strategies for writing effective ones, help you evaluate conclusions you’ve drafted, and suggest approaches to avoid.

About conclusions

Introductions and conclusions can be difficult to write, but they’re worth investing time in. They can have a significant influence on a reader’s experience of your paper.

Just as your introduction acts as a bridge that transports your readers from their own lives into the “place” of your analysis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives. Such a conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down.

Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. The conclusion allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper, to synthesize your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of your ideas, and to propel your reader to a new view of the subject. It is also your opportunity to make a good final impression and to end on a positive note.

Your conclusion can go beyond the confines of the assignment. The conclusion pushes beyond the boundaries of the prompt and allows you to consider broader issues, make new connections, and elaborate on the significance of your findings.

Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or appreciate your topic in personally relevant ways. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest your reader, but also enrich your reader’s life in some way. It is your gift to the reader.

Strategies for writing an effective conclusion

One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion:

• Play the “So What” Game. If you’re stuck and feel like your conclusion isn’t saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Here’s how it might go: You: Basically, I’m just saying that education was important to Douglass. Friend: So what? You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like a free and equal citizen. Friend: Why should anybody care? You: That’s important because plantation owners tried to keep slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control. When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control personally. You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself “So What?” as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction.
• Synthesize, don’t summarize. Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points, but don’t simply repeat things that were in your paper. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together.
• Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper.
• Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader’s thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications.
• Point to broader implications. For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.

Strategies to avoid

• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as “in conclusion,” “in summary,” or “in closing.” Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.
• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
• Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of an analytical paper.
• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

Four kinds of ineffective conclusions

• The “That’s My Story and I’m Sticking to It” Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can’t think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
• The “Sherlock Holmes” Conclusion. Sometimes writers will state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. You might be tempted to use this strategy if you don’t want to give everything away too early in your paper. You may think it would be more dramatic to keep the reader in the dark until the end and then “wow” him with your main idea, as in a Sherlock Holmes mystery. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. Example: (After a paper that lists numerous incidents from the book but never says what these incidents reveal about Douglass and his views on education): So, as the evidence above demonstrates, Douglass saw education as a way to undermine the slaveholders’ power and also an important step toward freedom.
• The “America the Beautiful”/”I Am Woman”/”We Shall Overcome” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. A more sophisticated commentary, rather than emotional praise, would be a more fitting tribute to the topic. Example: Because of the efforts of fine Americans like Frederick Douglass, countless others have seen the shining beacon of light that is education. His example was a torch that lit the way for others. Frederick Douglass was truly an American hero.
• The “Grab Bag” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn’t integrate into the main paper. You may find it hard to leave out details that you discovered after hours of research and thought, but adding random facts and bits of evidence at the end of an otherwise-well-organized essay can just create confusion. Example: In addition to being an educational pioneer, Frederick Douglass provides an interesting case study for masculinity in the American South. He also offers historians an interesting glimpse into slave resistance when he confronts Covey, the overseer. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Douglass, Frederick. 1995. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. New York: Dover.

Hamilton College. n.d. “Conclusions.” Writing Center. Accessed June 14, 2019. https://www.hamilton.edu//academics/centers/writing/writing-resources/conclusions .

Holewa, Randa. 2004. “Strategies for Writing a Conclusion.” LEO: Literacy Education Online. Last updated February 19, 2004. https://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/conclude.html.

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One of the most common questions we receive at the Writing Center is “what am I supposed to do in my conclusion?” This is a difficult question to answer because there’s no one right answer to what belongs in a conclusion. How you conclude your paper will depend on where you started—and where you traveled. It will also depend on the conventions and expectations of the discipline in which you are writing. For example, while the conclusion to a STEM paper could focus on questions for further study, the conclusion of a literature paper could include a quotation from your central text that can now be understood differently in light of what has been discussed in the paper. You should consult your instructor about expectations for conclusions in a particular discipline.

With that in mind, here are some general guidelines you might find helpful to use as you think about your conclusion.  

Begin with the “what”  

In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
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Conclusions

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This resource outlines the generally accepted structure for introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions in an academic argument paper. Keep in mind that this resource contains guidelines and not strict rules about organization. Your structure needs to be flexible enough to meet the requirements of your purpose and audience.

Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research. The following outline may help you conclude your paper:

In a general way,

• Restate your topic and why it is important,
• Restate your thesis/claim,
• Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
• Call for action or overview future research possibilities.

Remember that once you accomplish these tasks, unless otherwise directed by your instructor, you are finished. Done. Complete. Don't try to bring in new points or end with a whiz bang(!) conclusion or try to solve world hunger in the final sentence of your conclusion. Simplicity is best for a clear, convincing message.

The preacher's maxim is one of the most effective formulas to follow for argument papers:

Tell what you're going to tell them (introduction).

Tell them (body).

Tell them what you told them (conclusion).

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Course: LSAT   >   Unit 1

• Getting started with Logical Reasoning
• Introduction to arguments
• Catalog of question types
• Types of conclusions
• Types of evidence
• Types of flaws

Identify the conclusion | Quick guide

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A quick guide to "Identify the conclusion" questions

• Sub-Conclusion: Also known as a subsidiary or intermediate conclusion, a sub-conclusion is a claim that looks like a conclusion (because it is supported by one or more other statements), but that isn’t the main conclusion—it’s a conclusion that also supports a different claim!

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Writing a Conclusion

Writing a conclusion is the final part of the research paper, drawing everything together and tying it into your initial research.

This article is a part of the guide:

• Outline Examples
• Example of a Paper
• Write a Hypothesis
• Introduction

Browse Full Outline

• 1 Write a Research Paper
• 2 Writing a Paper
• 3.1 Write an Outline
• 3.2 Outline Examples
• 4.1 Thesis Statement
• 4.2 Write a Hypothesis
• 5.2 Abstract
• 5.3 Introduction
• 5.4 Methods
• 5.5 Results
• 5.6 Discussion
• 5.7 Conclusion
• 5.8 Bibliography
• 6.1 Table of Contents
• 6.2 Acknowledgements
• 6.3 Appendix
• 7.1 In Text Citations
• 7.2 Footnotes
• 7.3.1 Floating Blocks
• 7.4 Example of a Paper
• 7.5 Example of a Paper 2
• 7.6.1 Citations
• 7.7.1 Writing Style
• 7.7.2 Citations
• 8.1.1 Sham Peer Review
• 8.1.2 Advantages
• 8.1.3 Disadvantages
• 8.2 Publication Bias
• 8.3.1 Journal Rejection
• 9.1 Article Writing
• 9.2 Ideas for Topics

If you remember, a research paper starts with a broad look at the research and narrows down to the results , before the discussion opens it out again.

At the beginning of the research paper, you looked at all of the previous research and boiled it down into a research question .

In the discussion , you assess how the results answer to this question and discuss its relevance to the existing knowledge in the field.

When writing a conclusion, you should try to answer a few questions, as succinctly as possible.

You will have already answered some of these in your discussion, but the key is to leave some questions that another researcher can expand upon for their research project.

If you are planning a long career as a scientist, it is something that you can return to in the future. A good research project, whatever the results , will generate leads for others to follow.

What Has Your Research Shown?

This is a very quick synopsis of the results and discussion.

Writing a conclusion involves summing up the paper and giving a very brief description of the results, although you should not go into too much detail about this.

Anybody reading the conclusion has read the entire paper, so the conclusion merely acts as an aid to memory.

How Has It Added to What is Known About the Subject?

This is where you tie it in to the body of research highlighted in the introduction ; during the course of your literature review .

You should then point out the importance of the study and point out how it relates to the field.

You can also point out how your findings can be used by readers, pointing out the benefits. Even if you did not manage to reject the null , there is always a reason for this, and something has been learned.

What Were the Shortcomings?

Whilst writing the conclusion, you should highlight any deficiencies in your methods , explaining how they may have affected your results.

This will allow the next researcher to refine the methodology and learn from your mistakes, one of the foundations of the scientific process .

Has Your Research Left Some Unanswered Questions?

Do your findings open up any suggestions for future research?

For a shorter paper, this is not always essential, but you can highlight any possible areas of interest and give some ideas for those following.

Are My Results of Any Use in the Real World?

Again, this is not always applicable, but you can suggest any practical uses for your findings.

For example, if you uncovered a link between diet and the speed at which children learn, you could suggest a short plan for ensuring that children receive good nutrition.

With writing the conclusion finished, you are almost at the end of your research project.

All that remains is to perform the proof-reading and formatting , a little bit dull, but a sign that you are in the final stages.

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How to Write a Conclusion for an Essay

By the time you get to the final paragraph of your paper, you have already done so much work on your essay, so all you want to do is to wrap it up as quickly as possible. You’ve already made a stunning introduction, proven your argument, and structured the whole piece as supposed – who cares about making a good conclusion paragraph?

The only thing you need to remember is that the conclusion of an essay is not just the last paragraph of an academic paper where you restate your thesis and key arguments. A concluding paragraph is also your opportunity to have a final impact on your audience. 

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How to write a conclusion paragraph that leaves a lasting impression – In this guide, the team at EssayPro is going to walk you through the process of writing a perfect conclusion step by step. Additionally, we will share valuable tips and tricks to help students of all ages impress their readers at the last moment.

Instead of Intro: What Is a Conclusion?

Before we can move on, let’s take a moment here to define the conclusion itself. According to the standard conclusion definition, it is pretty much the last part of something, its result, or end. However, this term is rather broad and superficial.

When it comes to writing academic papers, a concluding statement refers to an opinion, judgment, suggestion, or position arrived at by logical reasoning (through the arguments provided in the body of the text). Therefore, if you are wondering “what is a good closing sentence like?” – keep on reading.

What Does a Good Conclusion Mean?

Writing a good conclusion for a paper isn’t easy. However, we are going to walk you through this process step by step. Although there are generally no strict rules on how to formulate one, there are some basic principles that everyone should keep in mind. In this section, we will share some core ideas for writing a good conclusion, and, later in the article, we will also provide you with more practical advice and examples.

Here are the core goals a good conclusion should complete:

• “Wrap up” the entire paper;
• Demonstrate to readers that the author accomplished what he/she set out to do;
• Show how you the author has proved their thesis statement;
• Give a sense of completeness and closure on the topic;
• Leave something extra for your reader to think about;
• Leave a powerful final impact on a reader.

Another key thing to remember is that you should not introduce any new ideas or arguments to your paper's conclusion. It should only sum up what you have already written, revisit your thesis statement, and end with a powerful final impression.

When considering how to write a conclusion that works, here are the key points to keep in mind:

• A concluding sentence should only revisit the thesis statement, not restate it;
• It should summarize the main ideas from the body of the paper;
• It should demonstrate the significance and relevance of your work;
• An essay’s conclusion should include a call for action and leave space for further study or development of the topic (if necessary).

How Long Should a Conclusion Be? 

Although there are no strict universal rules regarding the length of an essay’s final clause, both teachers and experienced writers recommend keeping it clear, concise, and straight to the point. There is an unspoken rule that the introduction and conclusion of an academic paper should both be about 10% of the overall paper’s volume. For example, if you were assigned a 1500 word essay, both the introductory and final clauses should be approximately 150 words long (300 together).

Why You Need to Know How to End an Essay:

A conclusion is what drives a paper to its logical end. It also drives the main points of your piece one last time. It is your last opportunity to impact and impress your audience. And, most importantly, it is your chance to demonstrate to readers why your work matters. Simply put, the final paragraph of your essay should answer the last important question a reader will have – “So what?”

If you do a concluding paragraph right, it can give your readers a sense of logical completeness. On the other hand, if you do not make it powerful enough, it can leave them hanging, and diminish the effect of the entire piece.

Strategies to Crafting a Proper Conclusion

Although there are no strict rules for what style to use to write your conclusion, there are several strategies that have been proven to be effective. In the list below, you can find some of the most effective strategies with some good conclusion paragraph examples to help you grasp the idea.

One effective way to emphasize the significance of your essay and give the audience some thought to ponder about is by taking a look into the future. The “When and If” technique is quite powerful when it comes to supporting your points in the essay’s conclusion.

Prediction essay conclusion example: “Taking care of a pet is quite hard, which is the reason why most parents refuse their children’s requests to get a pet. However, the refusal should be the last choice of parents. If we want to inculcate a deep sense of responsibility and organization in our kids, and, at the same time, sprout compassion in them, we must let our children take care of pets.”

Another effective strategy is to link your conclusion to your introductory paragraph. This will create a full-circle narration for your readers, create a better understanding of your topic, and emphasize your key point.

Echo conclusion paragraph example: Introduction: “I believe that all children should grow up with a pet. I still remember the exact day my parents brought my first puppy to our house. This was one of the happiest moments in my life and, at the same time, one of the most life-changing ones. Growing up with a pet taught me a lot, and most importantly, it taught me to be responsible.” Conclusion:. “I remember when I picked up my first puppy and how happy I was at that time. Growing up with a pet, I learned what it means to take care of someone, make sure that he always has water and food, teach him, and constantly keep an eye on my little companion. Having a child grow up with a pet teaches them responsibility and helps them acquire a variety of other life skills like leadership, love, compassion, and empathy. This is why I believe that every kid should grow up with a pet!”

Finally, one more trick that will help you create a flawless conclusion is to amplify your main idea or to present it in another perspective of a larger context. This technique will help your readers to look at the problem discussed from a different angle.

Step-up argumentative essay conclusion example: “Despite the obvious advantages of owning a pet in childhood, I feel that we cannot generalize whether all children should have a pet. Whereas some kids may benefit from such experiences, namely, by becoming more compassionate, organized, and responsible, it really depends on the situation, motivation, and enthusiasm of a particular child for owning a pet.”

What is a clincher in an essay? – The final part of an essay’s conclusion is often referred to as a clincher sentence. According to the clincher definition, it is a final sentence that reinforces the main idea or leaves the audience with an intriguing thought to ponder upon. In a nutshell, the clincher is very similar to the hook you would use in an introductory paragraph. Its core mission is to seize the audience’s attention until the end of the paper. At the same time, this statement is what creates a sense of completeness and helps the author leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Now, since you now know what a clincher is, you are probably wondering how to use one in your own paper. First of all, keep in mind that a good clincher should be intriguing, memorable, smooth, and straightforward.

Generally, there are several different tricks you can use for your clincher statement; it can be:

• A short, but memorable and attention-grabbing conclusion;
• A relevant and memorable quote (only if it brings actual value);
• A call to action;
• A rhetorical question;
• An illustrative story or provocative example;
• A warning against a possibility or suggestion about the consequences of a discussed problem;
• A joke (however, be careful with this as it may not always be deemed appropriate).

Regardless of the technique you choose, make sure that your clincher is memorable and aligns with your introduction and thesis.

Clincher examples: - While New York may not be the only place with the breathtaking views, it is definitely among my personal to 3… and that’s what definitely makes it worth visiting. - “Thence we came forth to rebehold the stars”, Divine Comedy - Don’t you think all these advantages sound like almost life-saving benefits of owning a pet? “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”, The Great Gatsby

Conclusion Writing Don'ts 

Now, when you know what tricks and techniques you should use to create a perfect conclusion, let’s look at some of the things you should not do with our online paper writing service :

• Starting with some cliché concluding sentence starters. Many students find common phrases like “In conclusion,” “Therefore,” “In summary,” or similar statements to be pretty good conclusion starters. However, though such conclusion sentence starters may work in certain cases – for example, in speeches – they are overused, so it is recommended not to use them in writing to introduce your conclusion.
• Putting the first mention of your thesis statement in the conclusion – it has to be presented in your introduction first.
• Providing new arguments, subtopics, or ideas in the conclusion paragraph.
• Including a slightly changed or unchanged thesis statement.
• Providing arguments and evidence that belong in the body of the work.
• Writing too long, hard to read, or confusing sentences.

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Conclusion Paragraph Outline

The total number of sentences in your final paragraph may vary depending on the number of points you discussed in your essay, as well as on the overall word count of your paper. However, the overall conclusion paragraph outline will remain the same and consists of the following elements:

• A conclusion starter:

The first part of your paragraph should drive readers back to your thesis statement. Thus, if you were wondering how to start a conclusion, the best way to do it is by rephrasing your thesis statement.

• Summary of the body paragraphs:

Right after revisiting your thesis, you should include several sentences that wrap up the key highlights and points from your body paragraphs. This part of your conclusion can consist of 2-3 sentences—depending on the number of arguments you’ve made. If necessary, you can also explain to the readers how your main points fit together.

• A concluding sentence:

Finally, you should end your paragraph with a last, powerful sentence that leaves a lasting impression, gives a sense of logical completeness, and connects readers back to the introduction of the paper.

These three key elements make up a perfect essay conclusion. Now, to give you an even better idea of how to create a perfect conclusion, let us give you a sample conclusion paragraph outline with examples from an argumentative essay on the topic of “Every Child Should Own a Pet:

• Sentence 1: Starter
• ~ Thesis: "Though taking care of a pet may be a bit challenging for small children. Parents should not restrict their kids from having a pet as it helps them grow into more responsible and compassionate people."
• ~ Restated thesis for a conclusion: "I can say that taking care of a pet is good for every child."
• Sentences 2-4: Summary
• ~ "Studies have shown that pet owners generally have fewer health problems."
• ~ "Owning a pet teaches a child to be more responsible."
• ~ "Spending time with a pet reduces stress, feelings of loneliness, and anxiety."
• Sentence 5: A concluding sentence
• ~ "Pets can really change a child life for the better, so don't hesitate to endorse your kid's desire to own a pet."

This is a clear example of how you can shape your conclusion paragraph.

How to Conclude Various Types of Essays

Depending on the type of academic essay you are working on, your concluding paragraph's style, tone, and length may vary. In this part of our guide, we will tell you how to end different types of essays and other works.

How to End an Argumentative Essay

Persuasive or argumentative essays always have the single goal of convincing readers of something (an idea, stance, or viewpoint) by appealing to arguments, facts, logic, and even emotions. The conclusion for such an essay has to be persuasive as well. A good trick you can use is to illustrate a real-life scenario that proves your stance or encourages readers to take action. More about persuasive essay outline you can read in our article.

Here are a few more tips for making a perfect conclusion for an argumentative essay:

• Carefully read the whole essay before you begin;
• Re-emphasize your ideas;
• Discuss possible implications;
• Don’t be afraid to appeal to the reader’s emotions.

How to End a Compare and Contrast Essay

The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to emphasize the differences or similarities between two or more objects, people, phenomena, etc. Therefore, a logical conclusion should highlight how the reviewed objects are different or similar. Basically, in such a paper, your conclusion should recall all of the key common and distinctive features discussed in the body of your essay and also give readers some food for thought after they finish reading it.

How to Conclude a Descriptive Essay

The key idea of a descriptive essay is to showcase your creativity and writing skills by painting a vivid picture with the help of words. This is one of the most creative types of essays as it requires you to show a story, not tell it. This kind of essay implies using a lot of vivid details. Respectively, the conclusion of such a paper should also use descriptive imagery and, at the same time, sum up the main ideas. A good strategy for ending a descriptive essay would be to begin with a short explanation of why you wrote the essay. Then, you should reflect on how your topic affects you. In the middle of the conclusion, you should cover the most critical moments of the story to smoothly lead the reader into a logical closing statement. The “clincher”, in this case, should be a thought-provoking final sentence that leaves a good and lasting impression on the audience. Do not lead the reader into the essay and then leave them with dwindling memories of it.

How to Conclude an Essay About Yourself

If you find yourself writing an essay about yourself, you need to tell a personal story. As a rule, such essays talk about the author’s experiences, which is why a conclusion should create a feeling of narrative closure. A good strategy is to end your story with a logical finale and the lessons you have learned, while, at the same time, linking it to the introductory paragraph and recalling key moments from the story.

How to End an Informative Essay

Unlike other types of papers, informative or expository essays load readers with a lot of information and facts. In this case, “Synthesize, don’t summarize” is the best technique you can use to end your paper. Simply put, instead of recalling all of the major facts, you should approach your conclusion from the “So what?” position by highlighting the significance of the information provided.

How to Conclude a Narrative Essay

In a nutshell, a narrative essay is based on simple storytelling. The purpose of this paper is to share a particular story in detail. Therefore, the conclusion for such a paper should wrap up the story and avoid finishing on an abrupt cliffhanger. It is vital to include the key takeaways and the lessons learned from the story.

How to Write a Conclusion for a Lab Report

Unlike an essay, a lab report is based on an experiment. This type of paper describes the flow of a particular experiment conducted by a student and its conclusion should reflect on the outcomes of this experiment.

In thinking of how to write a conclusion for a lab, here are the key things you should do to get it right:

• Restate the goals of your experiment
• Describe the methods you used
• Include the results of the experiment and analyze the final data
• End your conclusion with a clear statement on whether or not the experiment was successful (Did you reach the expected results?)

How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

Writing a paper is probably the hardest task of all, even for experienced dissertation writer . Unlike an essay or even a lab report, a research paper is a much longer piece of work that requires a deeper investigation of the problem. Therefore, a conclusion for such a paper should be even more sophisticated and powerful. If you're feeling difficulty writing an essay, you can buy essay on our service.

However, given that a research paper is the second most popular kind of academic paper (after an essay), it is important to know how to conclude a research paper. Even if you have not yet been assigned to do this task, be sure that you will face it soon. So, here are the steps you should follow to create a great conclusion for a research paper:

• Restate the Topic

Start your final paragraph with a quick reminder of what the topic of the piece is about. Keep it one sentence long.

• Revisit the Thesis

Next, you should remind your readers what your thesis statement was. However, do not just copy and paste it from the introductory clause: paraphrase your thesis so that you deliver the same idea but with different words. Keep your paraphrased thesis narrow, specific, and topic-oriented.

• Summarise Your Key Ideas

Just like the case of a regular essay’s conclusion, a research paper’s final paragraph should also include a short summary of all of the key points stated in the body sections. We recommend reading the entire body part a few times to define all of your main arguments and ideas.

• Showcase the Significance of Your Work

In the research paper conclusion, it is vital to highlight the significance of your research problem and state how your solution could be helpful.

• Make Suggestions for Future Studies

Finally, at the end of your conclusion, you should define how your findings will contribute to the development of its particular field of science. Outline the perspectives of further research and, if necessary, explain what is yet to be discovered on the topic.

Then, end your conclusion with a powerful concluding sentence – it can be a rhetorical question, call to action, or another hook that will help you have a strong impact on the audience.

• Answer the Right Questions

To create a top-notch research paper conclusion, be sure to answer the following questions:

• What is the goal of a research paper?
• What are the possible solutions to the research question(s)?
• How can your results be implemented in real life? (Is your research paper helpful to the community?)
• Why is this study important and relevant?

Additionally, here are a few more handy tips to follow:

• Provide clear examples from real life to help readers better understand the further implementation of the stated solutions;
• Keep your conclusion fresh, original, and creative.

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So, What Is a Good Closing Sentence? See The Difference

One of the best ways to learn how to write a good conclusion is to look at several professional essay conclusion examples. In this section of our guide, we are going to look at two different final paragraphs shaped on the basis of the same template, but even so, they are very different – where one is weak and the other is strong. Below, we are going to compare them to help you understand the difference between a good and a bad conclusion.

Here is the template we used: College degrees are in decline. The price of receiving an education does not correlate with the quality of the education received. As a result, graduated students face underemployment, and the worth of college degrees appears to be in serious doubt. However, the potential social and economic benefits of educated students balance out the equation.

Strong Conclusion ‍

People either see college as an opportunity or an inconvenience; therefore, a degree can only hold as much value as its owner’s skillset. The underemployment of graduate students puts the worth of college degrees in serious doubt. Yet, with the multitude of benefits that educated students bring to society and the economy, the equation remains in balance. Perhaps the ordinary person should consider college as a wise financial investment, but only if they stay determined to study and do the hard work.

Why is this example good? There are several key points that prove its effectiveness:

• There is a bold opening statement that encompasses the two contrasting types of students we can see today.
• There are two sentences that recall the thesis statement and cover the key arguments from the body of the essay.
• Finally, the last sentence sums up the key message of the essay and leaves readers with something to think about.

Weak Conclusion

In conclusion, with the poor preparation of students in college and the subsequent underemployment after graduation from college, the worth associated with the college degree appears to be in serious doubt. However, these issues alone may not reasonably conclude beyond a doubt that investing in a college degree is a rewarding venture. When the full benefits that come with education are carefully put into consideration and evaluated, college education for children in any country still has good advantages, and society should continue to advocate for a college education. The ordinary person should consider this a wise financial decision that holds rewards in the end. Apart from the monetary gains associated with a college education, society will greatly benefit from students when they finish college. Their minds are going to be expanded, and their reasoning and decision making will be enhanced.

What makes this example bad? Here are a few points to consider:

• Unlike the first example, this paragraph is long and not specific enough. The author provides plenty of generalized phrases that are not backed up by actual arguments.
• This piece is hard to read and understand and sentences have a confusing structure. Also, there are lots of repetitions and too many uses of the word “college”.
• There is no summary of the key benefits.
• The last two sentences that highlight the value of education contradict with the initial statement.
• Finally, the last sentence doesn’t offer a strong conclusion and gives no thought to ponder upon.
• In the body of your essay, you have hopefully already provided your reader(s) with plenty of information. Therefore, it is not wise to present new arguments or ideas in your conclusion.
• To end your final paragraph right, find a clear and straightforward message that will have the most powerful impact on your audience.
• Don’t use more than one quote in the final clause of your paper – the information from external sources (including quotes) belongs in the body of a paper.
• Be authoritative when writing a conclusion. You should sound confident and convincing to leave a good impression. Sentences like “I’m not an expert, but…” will most likely make you seem less knowledgeable and/or credible.

Good Conclusion Examples

Now that we've learned what a conclusion is and how to write one let's take a look at some essay conclusion examples to strengthen our knowledge.

The ending ironically reveals that all was for nothing. (A short explanation of the thematic effect of the book’s end) Tom says that Miss Watson freed Jim in her final will.Jim told Huck that the dead man on the Island was pap. The entire adventure seemingly evaporated into nothingness. (How this effect was manifested into the minds of thereaders).

All in all, international schools hold the key to building a full future that students can achieve. (Thesis statement simplified) They help students develop their own character by learning from their mistakes, without having to face a dreadful penalty for failure. (Thesis statement elaborated)Although some say that kids emerged “spoiled” with this mentality, the results prove the contrary. (Possible counter-arguments are noted)

In conclusion, public workers should be allowed to strike since it will give them a chance to air their grievances. (Thesis statement) Public workers should be allowed to strike when their rights, safety, and regulations are compromised. The workers will get motivated when they strike, and their demands are met.

In summary, studies reveal some similarities in the nutrient contents between the organic and non-organic food substances. (Starts with similarities) However, others have revealed many considerable differences in the amounts of antioxidants as well as other minerals present in organic and non-organic foods. Generally, organic foods have higher levels of antioxidants than non-organic foods and therefore are more important in the prevention of chronic illnesses.

As time went by, my obsession grew into something bigger than art; (‘As time went by’ signals maturation) it grew into a dream of developing myself for the world. (Showing student’s interest of developing himself for the community) It is a dream of not only seeing the world from a different perspective but also changing the perspective of people who see my work. (Showing student’s determination to create moving pieces of art)

In conclusion, it is evident that technology is an integral part of our lives and without it, we become “lost” since we have increasingly become dependent on its use. (Thesis with main point)

You might also be interested in reading nursing essay examples from our service.

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Directions (1-15):   In each question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

Give answer:

(A) If only conclusion I follows (B) If only conclusion II follows (C) If either I or II follows (D) If neither I nor II follows (E) If both I and II follow.

Que 1. Statement : Good health is a luxury in a country like America, thus the expectations of life are comparatively high compared to other countries within the continent.

Conclusion :

I) Good health is the boon of nature.

II) People in countries like America can afford to have all luxuries in life.

Clearly, conclusion II does not follow because it is irrelevant to the context. There is nothing being said about all the luxuries of life in the statement just told that health is a luxury in a country like America but other luxuries are not been stated in the statement. There is nothing stated about nature being the provider of good health.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Que 2. Statement : The eligibility for admission in B.ed is a minimum first-class graduate degree. However, the candidates who have appeared in the final year exam are also eligible to apply on the condition that they submit the mark sheet by 31st July.

Conclusion:

I) The candidates who are yet to get their graduation degrees will be there in the list of selected ones.

II) All candidates who have obtained first-class degrees will be there in the list of selected candidates.

From the conclusion I, it is stated that candidates are yet to get their graduation degrees therefore that is just the eligibility not the criteria for selection, therefore conclusion I do not follow.

In conclusion II, it is clearly stated candidates who have got a first-class degree will be there in the list but this also proves the eligibility not the criteria for selection.

Que 3. Statement: The government in recent times has taken some bad decisions by appointing bureaucrats as the directors of the big financial institutions.

Conclusion: 

I) Government should appoint directors looking at the expertise of the people in the area of finance.

II) There must be a proper recruitment channel for the appointment of bureaucrats so that they are well versed in finance.

Conclusion I and II both will follow as Government should look forward to recruiting only those who are experts in financial institutions and for that, there must be a proper recruitment channel that recruits only those who are experts in finance.

Hence, the correct option is (E).

Que 4. Statement: There are chances of an increase in the price of taxes on petrol and diesel. This proposal will bring inflation for the domestic consumers and businessmen will have marginal profit to get from selling petrol and diesel.

I) At present there is a disparity in a businessman in the selling of petrol and diesel.

II) The middle-class men will be tolled upon more and more taxes.

The first conclusion states the disparity is due to marginal profit as some of them will keep the prices high or low from one businessman to another. The first conclusion will follow.

The domestic consumers are mostly middle-class people therefore inflation will toll upon them in the form of taxes. 

Que 5. Statement: In coming years as the population is increasing day by day with decreasing resources it will surely harm the developing countries.

I) The population of developing countries will not increase in the future.

II) The government will face difficulty in providing a quality of life.

  Solution :

Conclusion I will clearly not follow as the population is increasing day by day from the statement.

Conclusion II clearly follows as population increase will hamper the quality of life.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Que 6. Statement: Indian economy is dependent mainly on forests.

I) Afforestation must be done to preserve the forests.

II) India wants only the maintenance of forests to improve its economy.

Conclusion I is clearly true as afforestation will clearly help in improving its economy, but Conclusion II does not follow as only forests are not responsible for its economy.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Que 7. Statement: In china, the covid cases increased drastically while in India the rate was slow but the total number of cases was more in India.

I) China has better control over covid cases as compared to India.

II) Covid had less rate of spread in China than in India.

Conclusion I follow the statement as China despite of the drastic increase had better control. Since there was a drastic increase so the spread rate was not less in china than in India, therefore, conclusion II does not follow.

Que 8. Statement: Colon cancer has a very high incidence in Japan compared to bowel cancer which has a low impact. As the Japanese migrate to other countries like Korea the rate of colon cancer is low while bowel cancer is low in the next generation. All this is related to nutrition which varies from one country to another country.

I) The same diet must be propagated in Japan as in Korea.

II) Bowel cancer is less severe than colon cancer.

Solution : 

Conclusion I Do not follow as there is nothing to do with diet in the statement. Severity is also not discussed therefore No conclusion follows.

Que 9. Statement: Nowadays smartphone has replaced everything even now televisions are less watched as everyone is crazy about the Hotstar, Netflix, etc. News are also been seen on youtube. This has created an alarming situation for the television industry and also the newspapers.

(I) Method of increasing the reading of newspapers must be devised.

(II) A team of experts must be sent to other countries to study the impact of TV on the reading of newspapers.

News are also been seen on youtube it means people choose to watch news videos rather than read them. Conclusion I say that the method of increasing the reading of newspapers must be devised. Conclusion I follow the statement. While conclusion II do not follow as nothing is said in the argument about the alarming situation and in statement, a team to be sent is not been discussed.

Que 10. Statement: Non-vegetarian food is not good for health. If the animal whom people are eating have any disease that may be transferred to the person who consumes it.

(I) Non-vegetarian food is very tasty to eat.

(II) People must be very careful while consuming non-vegetarian item as it is harmful and can lead to some diseases.  

Conclusion I has nothing to do with the statement, while conclusion II clearly states the effects of consuming non-veg.

Que 11. Statement: Vehicular resources are responsible for 60% of the pollution in a country concluded in the Rajya sabha session today.

(I) The problem of pollution is very annoying and cumbersome.

(II) Now many towns in India face the problem.

Conclusion I clearly follow the given statement as the problem of pollution persists.

Conclusion II does not follow as India is being already discussed as a whole no talk about the towns in the statement, therefore conclusion II does not follow

Que 12. Statement:  Mutual funds are subject to market risks. Consult an investment advisor or any agent before investing.

(I) One should not invest in mutual funds.

(II) The investment advisor calculates the market risks with certainty.

Investment in mutual funds involves risk. This does not mean that one should not invest in securities. So Conclusion I do not follow.

While conclusion II follows as it clearly states that we should consult our investment advisor before investing.

Que 13. Statement:  Over the years the migration to foreign countries from India was increasing year after year. But, after covid-19 it has dipped a bit.

(I) Migration to foreign countries must be checked.

(II) The plight of people not leaving India after covid -19 must be addressed.

Conclusion I clearly do not follow. Conclusion II follows as it must be noted why there is a drop in migration after covid-19.

Que 14. Statement: Preparation of UPSC is quite frequent in Bihar and UP. While other states there is a craze for working in big private companies.

(I) Private companies pay high packages which leads to motivation for work.

(II) UPSC is a very tough exam to crack which requires patience and perseverance which is seen in guys of UP and Bihar.

None of the above conclusions follows as both statements doesn’t have a connection with the statement.

Hence, The correct answer is option D.

Que 15. Statement: Yuvraj was the backbone of the Indian team during the world cups. He was the man of the tournament in the 2011 world cup.

(I) Yuvraj played some fantastic knocks to win the world cup for the team.

(II) He was clearly the man to watch out for in the whole tournament.

If we read the two conclusions carefully it clearly states the importance of Yuvraj Singh which follows the statement. 

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• Government Exam Articles
• Statement and Conclusion - Questions & Answers

Statement and Conclusion - Questions & Answers

In this article, we bring to you the solved ‘Statement and Conclusion’ based questions for aspiring Government exam aspirants to solve and analyse the concept well.

The statement and conclusion question and answers will also enable candidates to get command over the concept and easily secure marks for questions under this topic.

Candidates willing to know more about the Concept of Statement and Conclusion can visit the linked article. 

Since the Government sector is one of the highest employment generating sectors, the number of applicants appear for the various exams is also very high. Thus, increasing the competition.

Therefore, it is important that the Aspirants puts in a lot of hard work and ensures that every topic under each section is well prepared. As for the reasoning section, candidates can get the list of all important topics at the Logical Reasoning page. 

Statement and Conclusion Questions and Answers PDF:- Download PDF Here

Candidates can also check the links given below to escalate their preparation level for the upcoming competitive exams:

Statement & Conclusion – Questions

The preparation for Government exams is comprehensive and every candidate puts in the effort to crack the exam but to any bit of an extra effort can prove to be extremely beneficial for the candidate.

Candidates who have just started their preparation for the various competitive exams can learn more about them at the Government Exams page and based on their analysis start their preparation.

Moving forward in this article, candidates can solve the statement and conclusion questions and review their performance by checking the answers for the same. 

Directions (Q1 – Q15): In each of the following questions, a statement has been given followed by a few conclusions. Consider the statement to be completely true and answer which of the given conclusions can be derived based on the statement.

Statement: Gold prices are rising each day in the market

Conclusion I: Nobody wears gold nowadays

Conclusion II: It has become tougher to locate gold shops in the market

• Only conclusion I follow
• Only conclusion II follows
• Both conclusion I and II follow
• Neither conclusion I nor II follows
• Either conclusion I or II follow

Statement: Agrima took part in a State-level singing competition and won it.

Conclusion I: Agrima is the best singer in the country

Conclusion II: Agrima is also a good dancer

Statement: Kids nowadays have become extremely tech-savvy and a report suggests that almost all kids between the ages of 5 to 8 years spend 6 to 7 hours each day watching TV, mobiles or tablets. This has resulted in eye-sight issues among young children.

Conclusion I: Kids can be kept busy while they are using such devices

Conclusion II: Using too much of these devices can be harmful to children

Statement: Going for walks in the morning and evenings can act as an exercise for old people.

Conclusion I: Going for morning walks will help the old and aged people to stay fit

Conclusion II: The youth must not go for walks in the morning and evening

Statement: To encourage students to become more active, healthy and fit, the school took up an initiative to have one class dedicated to sports every day. This will also increase the interest of candidates in sports

Conclusion I: The step has been taken keeping in mind the physical and mental health of the students

Conclusion II: The school is looking for suitable students to compete in the inter-school Cricket competition

Statement: The demand for modern art and paintings has increased in the market. People are looking for unique paintings and art pieces to enhance the interiors of their house and offices.

Conclusion I: Presentation and ambience are very important as they create the first impression

Conclusion II: The liking of people in terms of art is modernising

Statement: A Privately run company has declared salary deduction of all its employees by 20 per cent because it has been facing loses over 3 months now.

Conclusion I: Employees are free to resign from their jobs

Conclusion II: The company will not deduct the salary of high scale Managers

Statement: If a candidate is looking forward to applying for any of the competitive exams conducted in the country, there are certain eligibility criteria which they need to follow. 

Conclusion I: If someone fulfils all the eligibility criteria, he/she can apply for the exam

Conclusion II: Anyone who has qualified class 12th is eligible to appear for competitive exams

Statement: In a singing concert, singers from different states of India were invited to perform. The tickets for this concert can be bought online only and there are only limited seats available.

Conclusion I: Some seats at the concert are reserved for the singers

Conclusion II: People can reach the concert venue and buy tickets for themselves

Statement: More than 20 students have been shortlisted from College X to be a part of the Inter-College Sports fest in College Y. The number of girls and boys selected are exactly the same. Each student is good at one sport

Conclusion I: 10 girls are going to be a part of the Sports fest from College X

Conclusion II: Equal opportunities are provided to both girls and boys in College X

Statement: Two farmers, Raju and Manu, have land right next to each other. They have been working on their lands for a year and both of them grow the same crop. Both spend equal amount of time, use the same pesticides and are equally hardworking. During the harvest season, Raju’s land had better cultivation, in comparison to Manu’s land.

Conclusion I: The quality of pesticides used by Manu was not good

Conclusion II: Rain ruined Manu’s crop

Statement: Company A has decided to take over Company B by the end of this year. 

Conclusion I: Company A shall benefit by taking over Company B

Conclusion II: Company A is more successful than Company B

Statement: Coronavirus pandemic affected the world massively. People lost their jobs, near and dear ones and a lot of economic loss have been faced by all countries across the Globe. 

Conclusion I: Coronavirus has affected almost all countries in the world

Conclusion II: There has been a lot of loss because of the pandemic

Statement: Six friends, Harshita, Anamika, Megha, Aprajita, Kalpana and Ritu plan for a social service drive to help an NGO. They are supported by a few of their relatives and colleagues. They raise Rs.35,000 for helping the NGO.

Conclusion I: The six women are social workers

Conclusion II: The six women occasionally like working for social issues

• Either conclusion I or II follow 

Statement: A shopping mall announces a sale on all big garment brands. The sale will last for 3 days and every product in the store will be up for sale. Customers with membership cards can avail an extra discount of 10 per cent

Conclusion I: The sale is open for everyone and not just for the customers with membership card

Conclusion II: The sale will also be on home furnishing products

After solving all the questions given above check the answers to all of them in the PDF given below:

Also, for any further information regarding the upcoming Government exams, the schedule and syllabus or any other preparation related information, candidates can turn to BYJU’S.

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Identify the Conclusion Questions

In Identify the Conclusion questions you will be provided with an argument which leads to a particular conclusion. That conclusion will be expressed as one of the answer choices. The statements in the argument are premises or reasons on which the conclusion is based. Often the conclusion itself will be provided in the argument and then merely restated as one of the answer choices. The goal of these questions is to test your ability to identify the main point of the argument. You must be able to separate the conclusion from the premises of the argument.

Take a look at the following actual LSAT question stems for Identify the Conclusion questions. Notice that they are all quite similar and all look for you to identify the main conclusion or main point of the author’s argument.

Question Stems:

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the Psychologist’s argument? (LSAT 46, Sec 3, Q 5)

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? (LSAT 46, Sec 3, Q 21)

The author is arguing that (LSAT 45, Sec 1, Q 1)

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? (LSAT 45, Sec 1, Q 17)

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? (LSAT 45, Sec 4, Q 1)

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn by the public health expert (LSAT 45, Sec 4, Q 9)

The question stems for Identify the Conclusion questions are relatively easy to identify and they are all quite similar. They each ask you to look for the main point or main conclusion, or the idea that the author is arguing for.

Be aware that within the argument you will encounter many premises and only one main conclusion. This conclusion can be placed anywhere in the argument. Many students are inclined to expect the conclusion to come at the end of the argument. The creators of the LSAT know this and will attempt to trick you by placing the conclusion at the start or middle of the passage. They will also create answer choices that merely rephrase the last sentence. Do not expect the conclusion to fall within the last sentence. It could be anywhere in the argument.

Right answer choices:

The correct answer will have all of the following elements: (1) The author would agree with the answer. (2) It is the main purpose of the author’s argument. (3) The majority of the rest of the argument leads to this answer and can be used to support it.

Ensure, first of all, that your chosen answer is something that the author would agree with. If the author does not agree with the statement it can no possibly be their main conclusion. Make sure that your chosen answer is the MAIN purpose of the argument. It should not be merely a peripheral point that the author would agree with. When you think you have found the correct answer, look to the rest of the argument and see if the other parts of the argument lead to and support this conclusion.

Wrong Answer Choices:

One of the most common wrong answer choices in Identify the Conclusion questions is the mentioned point. These are points that are mentioned in the argument but are not the conclusion. Often the LSAT creators will simply rephrase and repeat information from the argument that was not the conclusion.

Other wrong answer choices are conclusions that go beyond the scope of the arguments main point or exaggerate statements made in the argument. For example if the argument is:

“Investment will drop next year as interest rates are expected to rise.” The conclusion is that “Investments will drop next year.” This is based on the premise “Interest rates are expected to rise.”

If an answer choice were expressed as “The economy will suffer next year.” This is not a correct conclusion as it goes beyond the scope of the argument. The scope was limited to investment and interest rates, and did not encompass the economy as a whole.

Also, watch out for too strongly worded answer choices. In the example above, “There will be no investments next year,” would be too strongly worded. We know that there will be LESS investment but not that there will be NO investment.

It is also possible to have wrong answers that are true or should be true on the basis of all that was provided by the information in the argument; however they are still not the main conclusion. The correct answer must be something that the author would agree with, however, merely because the author would agree and the argument supports it does not make it the correct answer. It must also be the main point, or main conclusion of the argument. In the above example, “Business growth will slow down next year,” would be an incorrect answer. The author would agree with it and it would likely be true on the basis of the information provided but it is not the conclusion of the argument.

The key to picking out the conclusion is distinguishing it from the premises of the argument. The conclusion must be the main point that all the other points are leading towards. Remember that the conclusion can and will be anywhere in the argument from the start to the finish.

Some examples of Identify the Conclusion questions that have appeared on past LSATs are:

Here we provide the answers and full explanations for each of the Identify the Conclusion questions listed above. Unfortunately because this is a free resource we cannot provide the full questions themselves as they are under copyright by LSAC. If you would like a copy please contact us . Or you can purchase copies of these tests directly from LSAC

Identify the Conclusion question from actual LSAT 46, Sec 3, Q 5:

5. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the psychologist’s argument?

The first sentence starts off with “Because…” and later another “Because…” these words indicate that a reason is being given, not the conclusion. The first part of the next sentence “They should not be,” is our conclusion. The word “Should” here indicates our conclusion and all the remaining parts of the argument are reasons supporting this conclusion.

Answer Choices:

(A) Certain psychotherapists practice age discrimination. This point is true but not the conclusion. It is a point mentioned in the passage as a reason why elderly people feel discouraged about psychotherapy. None of the other parts of the passage support this point.

(B) Elderly people are better able to benefit from psychotherapy than are younger people.

This is a point that the author of the argument would agree with but it is not the main conclusion. The Author suggests this in the last sentence, but it is merely a point that will support the conclusion.

(C) Elderly people should not be reluctant to undergo psychotherapy.

This is the conclusion of the argument. The argument proceeds by giving reasons why there is a problem. The problem is that elderly people feel discouraged about trying psychotherapy. The author then concludes that “They should not be,” and continues with reasons to support that conclusion.

(D) Characteristics associated with maturity are important factors in psychotherapy’s success.

This is another point that the author of the argument would agree with but it is not the main conclusion. The Author suggests this in the last sentence, but it is merely a point that will support the conclusion.

(E) Elderly people are less inclined to try psychotherapy than are younger people. It is stated that elderly people are discouraged, and that many young people have already benefited from psychotherapy, which implies that this statement is true and that the author would agree with it. It is not the conclusion, but merely a true statement. The argument is not leading us to this as a conclusion, and it is not the author’s main point.

Identify the Conclusion question from actual LSAT 45, Sec 1, Q 1:

1. The author is arguing that

The argument begins by making a statement that tells us that the true nature of economic well-being is not fully understood when only measured by consumption. The next statement provides support for the first sentence. By stating that we get very little satisfaction from certain examples of consumption the author supports the first statement. This makes the first statement the author’s conclusion. The statement supported by the rest of the argument, or that which the rest of the argument leads us to believe is true, is the conclusion.

(A) economic well-being cannot be defined solely in terms of consumption This is a summary of the main point of the first sentence and is supported by the information given in the second sentence. It is our conclusion.

(B) satisfaction is possible without consumption This is probably true and yet it is not stated in the argument, nor is it the main point of the argument. Be careful of answer choices that are true and make perfect sense in the real world but do not answer the question asked.

(C) valid measures of consumption cannot be devised The argument makes no discussion of other possible measures or whether valid measures can be devised, it merely states that consumption as a measure is not enough. This statement goes beyond the scope of what the author is arguing. Not that it is very strongly worded: “cannot”. This should be a warning sign. Check if the author is really stating something that strong.

(D) modern products are designed for early obsolescence While the last sentence may suggest that this is true, it falls well outside the topic of the argument. The argument is discussing consumption as a measure for economic well-being. The fact that some products are consumed is only support for the main conclusion. Also, there is no discussion of the design of the products.

(E) satisfaction can provide an adequate quantitative measure of economic well-being The author believes that consumption is not a sufficient measure for economic well-being. However, there is no discussion of satisfaction as a proper measure, and definitely no discussion of it being a “quantitative measure”. This falls beyond the scope of the argument.

Notice that in the sample questions the majority of the wrong answers are something that could be true on the basis of the provided information, and that the author would likely agree with. We are not looking for true or agreeable answers; we are looking for the conclusion or main point of the passage. The correct answer is something that the rest of the passage leads us towards. The passage will consist of reasons that support the final conclusion, and that conclusion can be hidden at the start, end or in the middle of the passage. Keep an eye out for key words that identify parts of the passage as the conclusion or a premise on which the conclusion is based.

Sample Identify the Conclusion question from Actual LSAT 46, Sec. 3, Q 21:

21: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument?

The first statement here “Baumgartner’s comparison… is misleading.” is our conclusion. The next two sentences provide information which backs up this claim. “He examines only production…” and the statistics on resource use and air pollution help demonstrate how his comparison is misleading.

(A) This is a simple restatement of the first sentence which is our conclusion and the author’s main idea. Some students get hung up on the word deceptive, but it is essentially another way of saying that the comparison is misleading. (A) is our Correct Answer.

(B) The author would agree with this point, but it is only a fact that is used to support the author’s claim.

(C) It is not stated that Baumgartner used inaccurate data, only that not enough data was used. Baumgartner looked only at production and not the whole life of the vehicles.

(D) This answer choice goes beyond the scope of the argument. The argument specifically addresses the claim in relation to two types of automobiles, not life cycles of any product.

(E) The author would likely agree with this statement. It is suggested that this point it correct by the information given in the passage but it is not the conclusion. This information about electric cars being less hazardous to the environment is used to support the fact that Baumgartner’s comparison was misleading. It is a premise upon which the conclusion is based.

Identify the Conclusion question from Actual LSAT 45, Section 1, Q. 17:

17. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument?

The first sentence is giving a fact. Note that this fact may not be entirely correct but in an LSAT question what is stated by the author as a fact must be accepted as fact for the purpose of the argument. Given that this situation is true, the author makes a conclusion which is that the government’s view is not necessarily the correct view. The author then proceeds to criticize anyone who disagrees with this conclusion.

(A) This is a restatement of what the author states anyone who disagrees with the main conclusion would believe. If you disagree with the author you will hold this view point. However the author does not hold this view point.

(B) The author states this as the conclusion. The author tells us that the government’s views are expressed by the officials and the courts, and that these views may not always be correct. The beginning of the argument sets up a situation or fact upon which the author can make her conclusion and the last part of the argument criticizes those who hold different view points. (B) is our correct answer.

(C) This is once again the belief that the author tells us is held by those who disagree with the author. If you disagree with the author you will believe that you only have such rights as the government chooses to grant. The author herself does not agree with this statement and so it can not possibly be the conclusion.

(D) The first sentence states that the police will do what the officials and courts say. It does not state that they agree with them. Also this is only a fact mentioned in the argument, and is not the main point.

(E) The author does not mention anything about what one should or should not do. The author merely states that the government might not always be correct. We can not go beyond this statement and add extra information about what the author thinks we should or should not do.

Identify the Conclusion question from Actual LSAT 45, Section 4, Q. 1:

1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

This argument begins with setting up the factual situation or reality in which this argument will occur. This includes the claim made by some that the mayor’s policies only benefit the rich. The author then enters with his own conclusion which is that the claim made against Mayor McKinney is unfair. The rest of the passage then provides support for that conclusion by demonstrating that McKinney does make some policies for the benefit of the less affluent.

(A) The argument is not concerned with whether McKinney is more or less committed to one group over the other. It is only concerned with showing that McKinney is not totally committed to one group (the wealthy) to the exclusion of the other (the less affluent).

(B) This is simply a restatement of the factual situation provided in the first sentence. This is taken as fact and used as a situation in which the author can make his claim that these criticisms are unfair.

(C) This is a restatement of a point mentioned in the argument. It is a point that supports the conclusion by telling us that yes some of the mayor’s policies are helping the less affluent.

(D) This restates the author’s conclusion. This point is made at the end of the first sentence and the remainder of the argument is used as support for this one statement. (D) is our correct answer.

(E) This is a restatement of a point mentioned in the argument. It is a point that supports the conclusion by telling us that yes some of the mayor’s policies are helping the less affluent.

Identify the Conclusion question from Actual LSAT 45, Section 4, Q. 9:

9. Of the following, which one most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn by the public health expert?

The conclusion of the public health expert here is that the public health strategy would best if changed to one of informing people about diseases. The argument begins by stating the previous belief of people in the success of the current policy. Then reasons are given why this policy is no longer a good one and finally the public health expert concludes that best option is to change the policy to the one suggested in the last sentence.

(A) This statement is made by the public health expert as support for why the policy needs to change. It shows that there is a problem with the old policy. It is a premise upon which the conclusion is based.

(B) The public health expert does not state that patients CAN NOT be cured by present methods only that present methods are causing other problems and should be changed. The public health expert would not agree with this point and so it can not possibly be the conclusion of the public health expert’s argument.

(C) This is the conclusion. The public health expert discusses the old policy and the problems associated with it as support for why it should be changed. A better and more specific summary of the conclusion would be that the current policy should be changed to one of informing people about the transmission of microorganisms, but this simplified summary of the conclusion is our best answer. (C) is our correct answer.

(D) The author does not go nearly so far as to suggest that “NO ONE” who is fully informed will “EVER” fall victim. The author merely states that informing people would be a good health strategy. Watch out for these very strongly worded answer choices. They are seldom correct.

(E) It is not stated that the rapid reproduction was IGNORED. In fact the public health expert states that this information only recently become available. Also the discussion of rapid reproduction is only support given for the conclusion and not the conclusion itself.

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Statement and Conclusions Questions and Answers

August 11, 2023

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Formula or rule for solving the statement and conclusions questions:.

• When only one conclusion follow

It comprises of questions where only 1 of the given two conclusions, is as per the statement mentioned in the question.

• When neither conclusion 1 nor conclusion 2 follow

It comprises of questions where both the conclusions differ with the statement mentioned in the question.

• When both conclusion 1 or conclusion 2 follow

This category consists of questions where both the conclusions and are similar to the statement mentioned in the question.

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Only conclusion I follows

Only conclusion II follows

Either I or II follows

Neither I nor II follows

Both I and II follow

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• User Explanation

According to the statement, 90% of the team consist of permanent staff. So, I does not follow. Nothing about the best work is mentioned in the statement. So, II also does not follow.

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• Surendra and Manjula have one son.
• Ronak has one sister.

Only conclusion I is valid.

Only conclusion II is valid.

Either conclusion I or II is valid.

Neither conclusion I nor II is valid.

Both the conclusions are valid.

Clearly from the statement Ronak is the only son of their parents. This means that he has obviously no brothers. So the direct conclusion is I.

• Neelam will be shortlisted.
• Neelam will not be shortlisted.

Clearly from the statement Neelam has secured more than 60% in both 10 th and 12 th . However; her graduation percentage is not above 60%. So, she will not be shortlisted.

• Hard work and continuity is required to get success.
• Without hard work there is a possibility of success.

Here we can clearly see that the conclusion I can be directly derived from the given statement but nothing can be particularly said about the II conclusion.

• Attention to details is also required to get a good rating.
• Rashmi is working hard and doing overtime, this time she will get a good rating during appraisal.

Nothing has been told about the attention to details in the given statement. Hence it is not valid as per given statement. However, conclusion II is an indirect conclusion that can be referred from the statement.

• Rashmi is working hard and she is doing overtime too. She will get a good rating during appraisal.
• Rashmi is not working hard and neither is she doing overtime; she will not get a good rating during appraisal

Clearly from the above we can conclude that either of the two conclusions can happen but not both. Either Rashmi will work hard and she will do an overtime, or else she will be not. So option C is correct.

• Concentration power is required to get a good rating
• Minimum 10 min yoga is necessary to increase the concentration power.

Here both the conclusions are irrelevant with respect to the given statement. Hence neither of the conclusions are valid.

• Working hard is necessary to get a good rating.
• Overtime is required to get a good rating.

Both the conclusions are already taken from the statement only hence option E is correct.

• Family planning lessons should be given to control increasing population of India.
• Only India needs to focus on family planning lessons.

Only conclusion II is valid

Either conclusion I or II is valid

Here the 1st conclusion is the indirect explanation of the given statement. Hence conclusion I is valid. Conclusion II is not valid as per given information.

Question 10

• Infringement in anyone’s personal life is bad.
• professional matters should not be included in the personal matters.

Infringement should not be there in anyone’s personal life is the clear implication of statement. While conclusion ii is not valid as we have no information about that.

Question 11

• People of India are supporting the decision of the nation.
• Other nations will oppose the decision made by India.

From the given statement, it cannot be conferred clearly whether people of India and other nations will support the decision or not. Hence option D is correct.

Question 12

Rudra has been called for the seminar means that he is clever and intellectual. Hence both the conclusions are valid.

Question 13

If only conclusion I follows

If only conclusion II follows

If neither I nor II follows

If both I and II follow.

The statement mentions that the mangoes are of different types, some are good while some are not. Thus, both I and II follow.

Question 14

If either I or II follow.

In the statement, we can see that total runs made by team India is not very good. So, either batting of Team India was poor or the bowling of Team Pakistan was very good. So, either I or II follows.

Question 15

Conclusion I and II both are contrary with the statements. Hence option C is correct.

Question 16

Both the statements are not valid as the company is using catchy slogan because for attracting the people. So conclusion I is not valid. Also we cannot judge people preference. So conclusion II also does not follow.

Question 17

Hence only II conclusion is valid as it talks about the advantage of taking a younger captain

Question 18

option A is not valid as instant banking service is a good service which every bank should adopt. However option B is valid as it is in line with the statement itself.

Question 19

Both the conclusions I and II are the best possible logical outcome of the information given above in the given statement. Hence option E is correct.

Question 20

Pakistan matter is different which may or may not be discussed, however combined military exercise shows strong connection between two nations military. Hence option A is correct.

Question 21

To keep a safety one should be precautious, but we cannot say anything about the preference of the people, hence option A is correct.

Question 22

Conclusion I seem logical but conclusion II doesn’t.

Question 23

According to the statement, conclusion I seems correct as the reduced distance between two places will be helpful for people.

Question 24

The director might have embarrassed Savant not because of his hatred but on account of certain carelessness or fault on his part. So, I does not follow. Also, nothing about savant relation to his co-worker is mentioned. Hence option D is correct.

Question 25

According to the statement, National steel organization has moved India from a position of shortage in the past to self-sufficiency in the present. By this it is clear that, India had to import steel. So, I follows. Also, India can soon export it in future. So, II also follows.

Question 26

The statement talks of Dumb canes only and not about all plants so, I does not follow. Also, since Dumb canes require little water, so they can be grown in places where water is not in a huge quantity. So, II follows.

Question 27

Clearly, I directly follows from the statement.

Question 28

Clearly, the information has been given beforehand so that the residents can collect water on the previous day and use less water on Friday. So, both I and II follow.

Question 29

Clearly both the statements doesn’t follows as we cannot say anything about nature of someone and relation between speaking and health.

Question 30

Neither the poor nor the rich, but only the role of money in education is being talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.

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Tips to Solve Statement and Conclusion Question in Reasoning

Table of Contents

Statement and conclusion is a common topic in reasoning sections of most competitive exams. In this, a statement will be given followed by a set of conclusions. You need to choose the conclusion that logically follows the statement the most. Sometimes the conclusions can be directly understood by reading the statement and sometimes the aspirant needs to analyse it word for word to get the conclusion. Sometimes, only one conclusion may follow and sometimes both conclusions may follow. But, even so, there exists a chance of neither conclusion following. This is why we have prepared this article which gives you a few tips and tricks to solve Statement and Conclusion Questions in Reasoning.

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Types of Conclusions

In this segment, we will look into the different types of conclusions that can be reached while solving Statement & Conclusion Questions in reasoning . It is important to know this and be well versed to be able to solve the questions to the best of your ability.

‘Only Conclusion 1 follows’: In these questions, only the first conclusion makes sense and is line with the statement.

For Example:

Statement: In a recent survey report, it has been stated that those who undertake physical exercise for at least half an hour a day are less prone to have any heart ailments.

Conclusions:

• Moderate level of physical exercise is necessary for leading a healthy life.
• All people who do desk-bound jobs definitely suffer from heart ailments.

In this Example, only conclusion 1 follows.

‘Only Conclusion 2 follows’: In these questions, only the second conclusion makes sense and is in line with the statement.

Statements: The national norm is 100 beds per thousand populations but in this state, 150 beds per thousand are available in the hospitals.

• Our national norm is appropriate.
• The state’s health system is taking adequate care in this regard.

In this Example, only conclusion 2 follows.

‘Either Conclusion 1 or 2 follows’: In these questions, both conclusions make sense and follow but if 1 follows then 2 cannot and if 2 follows, then 1 cannot. So the answer to be selected should be either 1 or 2 follow. Check out the example to understand better.

Statement: A Corporate General Manager asked four managers to either submit their resignations by the next day or face termination orders from service. Three of them had submitted their resignations by that evening.

• The next day, the remaining manager would also resign.
• The General Manager would terminate his services the next day.

In this example, both conclusions make sense, but if conclusion 1 occurs, then conclusion 2 cannot occur. If the remaining manager resigns, then the general manager cannot terminate his services the next day since he already resigned. On the other hand, if conclusion 2 occurred, then conclusion 1 couldn’t have occurred. If the General Manager terminates his services the next day, then that means the remaining manager hadn’t resigned.

We hope it is very clear now. Read on to find out tips to solve Statement and Conclusion Questions in Reasoning. The next segment will provide this.

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‘Neither Conclusion 1 nor 2 follow’: In these questions, both conclusions don’t make sense and aren’t in line with the statement given.

Statement: The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of his colleagues.

• The manager did not like Sachin.
• Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.

In this, neither conclusion follows.

‘Both Conclusion 1 and 2 follow’: In these questions, both conclusions make sense and are in line with each other. Either conclusion can occur while the other conclusion occurs and that is how it’s different from Case 3.

Statement: A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

• We should be content with what we have.
• We should not crave for what is not.

In this, both conclusions follow.

Tips for Statement & Conclusion Questions

In this segment, we are going to provide you a few tips and tricks to help you solve Statement & Conclusion Questions in reasoning. Read on to find out and try your best to implement them in your preparations.

Do not Make any Assumptions

It is of utmost importance that you do not make any assumptions. The statement given in the question may defy logic or not make any sense but you must forget all that and base your conclusion on the statement given. They could say ‘The Earth is Flat’ and even though it’s not, for the sake of the question, you must believe it to be so. Don’t reach your own conclusions. Analyse and try to reach the same conclusion you would if you didn’t have prior knowledge about the subject matter of the statement.

Draw out the Circumstance

A lot of the times, the question can be such that you will need to imagine it to draw out a conclusion. It is very helpful to draw whatever is happening in the statement. It is very helpful to draw Venn Diagrams for questions like ‘All cats are dogs; some dogs are rats’. This may seem very confusing at first but writing it down or drawing it using a Venn diagram can help you reach a conclusion.

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Look for Keywords

The statement is very often created by using a couple of keywords and the rest of the sentence is completed with filler words. But it is important to know that the keywords are what the conclusions are based on. So, identifying and finding the keywords can help you find out the correct conclusion. The keywords will stick out and maybe even used more than once. Keep your eyes focused.

Watch out for Certain Trap Words

There are certain trap words that can either make a conclusion true or false. It rests within it the actual conclusion. These words are called trap words because aspirants often ignore them for common filler words but end up selecting the wrong option. That could’ve been avoided had they given attention to the trap word. Some common trap words include: Should, could, shall, will, either, neither, both, any, all, only, can be, shall be, will be, etc. Look out for them and know their functions. You will only be able to grasp their impact with continuous practice.

Don’t Stop Practicing

This is a very important topic in the reasoning section of most competitive exams especially common in bank exams. If you keep on practicing, you’ll start to notice methods of solving them and maybe even come up with a brand, new original method. Also, practicing can help you pick up on trap words and help you learn to navigate through them. But all this can only be achieved through practice. You can download the Entri App to get tons of quizzes, mock tests and questions to help you solve these types of questions and much more. Click here to see how attempting mock tests can improve your score.

This article was to help you by providing tips and tricks to help solve Statement and Conclusion Questions in reasoning. Understanding and Implementing these tips in your preparations can make a considerable difference that you will be able to see in your increasing marks. But, the most important aspect is constant practice either through questions, mock tests or quizzes. To avail all these things, download the Entri App and get access not only to these but also to Online Classes and Video Lectures. This is a very good time to focus and prepare. Good Luck.

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